EGA currently uses natural gas to generate almost all the large amounts of electricity required in our industrial processes in the UAE, with some electricity exchanged with the grid. Electricity generation accounts for more than half of all the greenhouse gas emissions that result from our activities. EGA has already announced an initiative under which we would integrate with the grid, with the objective of sourcing an increasing proportion of renewable and low-carbon energy. In 2021, EGA became the first company in the world to produce aluminium commercially using solar power.

The Bayer process of refining bauxite into alumina requires thermal energy in the form of steam. EGA currently uses natural gas turbines to produce electricity, and makes steam using their heat. Potential solutions include the electrification of boilers using renewable energy, solar thermal boilers, technologies such as mechanical vapour recompression, or the use of ‘green’ hydrogen to meet thermal needs. The UAE is expected to be globally-competitive in ‘green’ hydrogen given its geographic comparative advantages in solar power development and the existing export infrastructure in the country. EGA’s demand could accelerate the development of ‘green’ hydrogen in the UAE.

The Hall-Héroult process, which has been used to make almost all the world’s aluminium for more than a century, involves the consumption of carbon anodes resulting in emissions of carbon dioxide and perfluorocarbons, a potent greenhouse gas. These emissions must either be eliminated or captured and prevented from reaching the atmosphere. Although novel smelting and carbon capture technologies have been invented, there remain technical and commercial challenges that must be overcome before they become commonplace. These potential solutions or others could be further developed in the years ahead. Baking kilns used to manufacture anodes and heating furnaces required for EGA’s casthouses currently utilise thermal energy derived from natural gas. For these thermal energy needs, replacing natural gas with ‘green’ hydrogen is seen as the way forward.

Natural gas is currently used to heat furnaces in our casthouses, and this could be replaced with ‘green’ hydrogen. In addition, we expect to grow our business in recycling. As demand for aluminium is expected to grow by between 50 per cent and 80 per cent by 2050 according to the International Aluminium Institute, primary aluminium will still be required to meet demand well beyond mid-century. However, the role of recycled aluminium is expected to grow. 

Our bauxite mining subsidiary Guinea Alumina Corporation generates the electricity it needs to power fixed equipment, offices, accommodation and other requirements from two small diesel-fired package power plants. GAC is reviewing other potential electricity sources including solar and hydroelectricity, as well as how to reduce its energy needs. Mobile mining equipment at GAC is diesel-powered. GAC is exploring light vehicle electrification and the adoption of biofuels for heavy equipment.

Emissions are generated in the production of goods and services we procure. The most significant sources of emissions in our supply chain are the production of raw materials such as alumina, as well as shipping. However there are greenhouse gas emissions associated with almost all goods and services EGA needs, from hand tools to business travel. We intend to work with existing and new suppliers to address these emissions, using our purchasing power to drive reductions.

While our roadmap envisages a substantial reduction in our greenhouse gas emissions, completely eliminating greenhouse gas emissions may not be feasible even beyond 2050.

We have already started to develop a portfolio of natural sequestration projects for these unavoidable emissions and are exploring options including mangroves and sea grass in the UAE. As a global company, EGA could develop projects around the world, either alone or in partnership with others such as non-governmental organisations.